Tut or Tutankhamun was a teenaged heir to the royal throne of Egypt. The family had ruled Egypt for centuries. But Tut died young. He was the last of the family line. His funeral marked the end of a dynasty. But the details of his passing away are not clear.
Tut’s father or grandfather Amenhotep III was a powerful Pharaoh who ruled for almost 40 years. His son Amenhotep IV succeeded him. The new king promoted the worship of the Aten, the sun-disc. He changed his name to Akhenaten or the servant of the Sun-god. He also shifted the religious capital from the old city of Thebes to the new city. He also shocked the country further by attacking Amun, a major god, breaking down his images and closing his temples. He was succeeded by another mysterious ruler who died soon. Then a very young Tutankhaten sat on the throne. He is widely known today as Tut. He restored the old ways, the worship of god Amun. He also changed his name to Tutankhamun. He ruled for about nine years and then died unexpectedly.
Tut’s mummy was discovered in 1922 by a British archaeologist, Haward Carter. Perhaps he was murdered. But he was laid to rest with a lot of gold and with everyday things like games, a bronze razor, clothes, and cases of food and wine. It was believed that the dead Pharaoh would need those things in the afterlife.
Howard Carter was a British archaeologist who in 1922 discovered Tut’s tomb after years of searching. Much of the treasure buried in the tomb had already been looted. Even then, it was the richest royal collection ever found in any tomb. The rock-cut tomb was some 26 feet underground. The walls had paintings. Tut’s gilded face was there on the outer coffin lid. After months of recording the treasures, Carter began investigating the three-layered coffin of Tut in the tomb. In the first one, he found the garlands of olive leaves, lotus petals, and cornflowers. The burial, it seemed, was done in March or April.
When Carter finally reached Tut’s mummy, he faced trouble. Resins used for cementing Tut to the bottom of his solid gold coffin had become very hard. It was impossible to free the body from the resins. Even the burning sun failed to melt it. The resins had to be removed, using a chisel and hammer from beneath the limbs of the body. Carter really had little choice. If he had not cut the mummy limb by limb, the thieves would have taken all the gold away. Carter’s men first removed the mummy’s head, then cut off every major joint. Once the body removed in parts was reassembled on a layer of sand in a wooden box and put at the original place.
In 1968, an anatomy professor X-rayed the mummy and revealed a new fact. He said that the breast bone and front ribs of Tut’s body were missing.
Today CT (Computed Tomography) takes hundreds of X-rays and creates a three-dimensional image of a body. It was on 5 January 2005 that the world’s most famous mummy of Tut was put into a CT scanner to answer two big questions—how did Tut die, and how old was he at the time of death?
The CT machine was donated by its manufacturer – Siemens. King Tut had died some 3,300 years ago. On the night of the scan, the workmen carried Tut from the tomb in his box. They put it on a trailer that held the scanner. The process took less than three hours. The Pharaoh was carried back in the tomb again. The CT scan dispelled all doubts. Nothing had gone seriously wrong. Tut is resting in peace in his tomb in the valley of the departed kings of Egypt.
Discovering Tut Summary in Hindi
Translated by Google
टुट या तुतनखमुन मिस्र के शाही सिंहासन का एक किशोर उत्तराधिकारी था। परिवार ने मिस्र पर सदियों तक शासन किया था। लेकिन टुट युवा मर गया। वह फैमिली लाइन के आखिरी थे। उनके अंतिम संस्कार ने एक राजवंश के अंत को चिह्नित किया। लेकिन उनके निधन का विवरण स्पष्ट नहीं है।
टुट के पिता या दादा अमेनहोट III एक शक्तिशाली फिरौन थे जिन्होंने लगभग 40 वर्षों तक शासन किया। उनके बेटे अमेनहोटेप IV ने उन्हें सफल बनाया। नए राजा ने सूर्य-डिस्क पर एटेन की पूजा को बढ़ावा दिया। उसने अपना नाम अखेनाटेन या सूर्य-देवता के सेवक के रूप में बदल दिया। उन्होंने धार्मिक राजधानी को पुराने शहर थिब्स से नए शहर में स्थानांतरित कर दिया। उन्होंने अमून, एक प्रमुख देवता पर हमला करके, उनकी छवियों को तोड़ने और उनके मंदिरों को बंद करके देश को और भी चौंका दिया। वह एक और रहस्यमय शासक द्वारा सफल हो गया, जिसकी जल्द ही मृत्यु हो गई। तब एक बहुत छोटा तूतनखाँ सिंहासन पर बैठा। वह आज व्यापक रूप से टूट के रूप में जाना जाता है। उन्होंने पुराने तरीकों को बहाल किया, भगवान अमून की पूजा। उन्होंने अपना नाम बदलकर तुतनखामुन भी कर लिया। उन्होंने लगभग नौ वर्षों तक शासन किया और फिर अप्रत्याशित रूप से मृत्यु हो गई।
टुट की ममी की खोज 1922 में एक ब्रिटिश पुरातत्वविद हॉवर्ड कार्टर ने की थी। शायद उसकी हत्या कर दी गई थी। लेकिन उसे बहुत सारे सोने और रोजमर्रा की चीजों जैसे खेल, एक कांस्य रेजर, कपड़े और भोजन और शराब के मामलों के साथ आराम करने के लिए रखा गया था। यह माना जाता था कि मृत फिरौन को उन चीजों की आवश्यकता होगी जो जीवनकाल में होती हैं।
हॉवर्ड कार्टर एक ब्रिटिश पुरातत्वविद थे जिन्होंने 1922 में खोज के वर्षों के बाद टुट के मकबरे की खोज की। कब्र में दफन किए गए अधिकांश खजाने को पहले ही लूट लिया गया था। तब भी, यह किसी भी मकबरे में पाया जाने वाला सबसे अमीर शाही संग्रह था। रॉक-कट कब्र कुछ 26 फीट भूमिगत थी। दीवारों में पेंटिंग थी। बाहरी ताबूत के ढक्कन पर टट का गिल्ड चेहरा था। खजानों की रिकॉर्डिंग के महीनों के बाद, कार्टर ने कब्र में टट के तीन-स्तरित ताबूत की जांच शुरू की। पहले एक में, उन्होंने जैतून की पत्तियों, कमल की पंखुड़ियों और कॉर्नफ्लॉवर की मालाएं पाईं। दफन, ऐसा लग रहा था, मार्च या अप्रैल में किया गया था।
जब कार्टर आखिरकार टुट की ममी तक पहुंच गया, तो उसे परेशानी का सामना करना पड़ा। अपने ठोस सोने के ताबूत के नीचे से टुट को जोड़ने के लिए इस्तेमाल किए जाने वाले रेजिन बहुत कठोर हो गए थे। शरीर को रेजिन से मुक्त करना असंभव था। यहां तक कि जलता हुआ सूरज भी इसे पिघलाने में नाकाम रहा। शरीर के अंगों के नीचे से छेनी और हथौड़े का उपयोग करके रेजिन को निकालना पड़ा। कार्टर के पास वास्तव में बहुत कम विकल्प थे। अगर वह मम्मी के अंगों को काटकर नहीं गिराता, तो चोर सारा सोना निकाल ले जाते। कार्टर के लोगों ने पहले मम्मी के सिर को हटाया, फिर हर बड़े जोड़ को काट दिया। एक बार भागों में निकाले गए शरीर को एक लकड़ी के बक्से में रेत की परत पर फिर से लगाया गया और मूल स्थान पर रख दिया गया।
1968 में, शरीर रचना विज्ञान के प्रोफेसर ने मम्मी का एक्स-रे किया और एक नया तथ्य उजागर किया। उन्होंने कहा कि टुट के शरीर की स्तन की हड्डी और सामने की पसलियां गायब थीं।
आज सीटी (कंप्यूटेड टोमोग्राफी) सैकड़ों एक्स-रे लेता है और एक शरीर की त्रि-आयामी छवि बनाता है। यह 5 जनवरी 2005 को था कि टुट की दुनिया की सबसे प्रसिद्ध ममी को दो बड़े सवालों के जवाब देने के लिए एक सीटी स्कैनर में रखा गया था – ट्यूट की मृत्यु कैसे हुई और मृत्यु के समय वह कितने वर्ष का था?
सीटी मशीन को इसके निर्माता – सीमेंस ने दान किया था। 3,300 साल पहले किंग टुट की मृत्यु हो गई थी। स्कैन की रात को, काम करने वालों ने उसके बॉक्स में कब्र से टट को ले लिया। उन्होंने इसे एक ट्रेलर पर रखा, जिसमें स्कैनर था। प्रक्रिया में तीन घंटे से भी कम समय लगा। फिरौन को दोबारा कब्र में ले जाया गया। सीटी स्कैन ने सभी संदेहों को दूर कर दिया। कुछ भी गलत नहीं हुआ था। ट्यूट मिस्र के दिवंगत राजाओं की घाटी में उनकी कब्र में शांति से आराम कर रहा है।
Discovering Tut About the King Tut
Tutankhamen was an Egyptian pharaoh of the 18th dynasty (1332–1323 BC) during the period of Egyptian history known as the New Kingdom. He was the son of Akhenaten (formerly Amenhotep IV). As a prince, he was known as Tutankhaten. He ascended to the throne in 1333 BC, at the age of nine or ten. When he became king, he married his half-sister, Ankhesenpaten, who later changed her name to Ankhesenamun. They had two daughters, both stillborn. One daughter died at 5–6 months of pregnancy and the other at 9 months of pregnancy.
Tutankhamun’s parents were brother and sister. It is known from history that Tutankhamun’s wife, Ankhesenamun was the daughter of Akhenaten and Nefertiti, and thus likely to be her husband’s half-sister. A further autopsy and genetic evidence in 2014 re-confirmed the 2010 findings that Tutankhamun was the product of a brother-sister relationship. Inbreeding was rampant among ancient Egyptian royals, who saw themselves as descendants of the gods and hoped to maintain pure bloodlines.
King Tut probably had very powerful advisers. In his third regnal year, under the influence of his advisors, Tutankhamun reversed several changes made during his father’s reign. He changed his name to Tutankhamun, “Living image of Amun”. He ended the worship of the god Aten and restored the god Amun to supremacy. The capital was moved back to Thebes and the city of Akhetaten abandoned.
The country was economically weak and in turmoil following the reign of Akhenaten. Diplomatic relations with other kingdoms had been neglected, and Tutankhamun sought to restore them.
Tutankhamun was roughly 180 cm (5 feet 11 inches) tall. The research showed that Tutankhamun also had “a slightly cleft palate” and possibly a mild case of scoliosis, a medical condition in which the spine deviates to the side from the normal position. Examination of Tutankhamun’s body has also revealed deformations in his left foot, caused by necrosis of bone tissue. The affliction may have forced Tutankhamun to walk with the use of a cane, many of which were found in his tomb.
In DNA tests of Tutankhamun’s mummy, scientists found DNA from the mosquito-borne parasites that cause malaria. This is currently the oldest known genetic proof of the disease. More than one strain of the malaria parasite was found, indicating that Tutankhamun contracted multiple malarial infections. According to National Geographic, “Malaria would have weakened Tutankhamun’s immune system and interfered with the healing of his foot. These factors, combined with the fracture in his left thighbone, which scientists had discovered in 2005, may have ultimately been what killed the young king.”
Discovering Tut About the King Tut in Hindi
Translated by Google
तूतनखामेन मिस्र के 18 वें राजवंश (1332-1323 ईसा पूर्व) का एक मिस्र का फिरौन था जिसे मिस्र के इतिहास में न्यू किंगडम के नाम से जाना जाता था। वह अखेनाटेन (पूर्व में अमेनहोटेप IV) के पुत्र थे। एक राजकुमार के रूप में, उन्हें तुतनखतेन के रूप में जाना जाता था। वह 1333 ईसा पूर्व में नौ या दस साल की उम्र में सिंहासन पर चढ़ा। जब वह राजा बना, तो उसने अपनी सौतेली बहन, एंकसेनपेटेन से शादी कर ली, जिसने बाद में उसका नाम बदलकर अंकसेनमुन कर दिया। उनकी दो बेटियां थीं, दोनों अभी भी जिंदा हैं। एक बेटी की गर्भावस्था के ५-६ महीने और दूसरी गर्भावस्था के ९ महीने में मृत्यु हो गई।
तूतनखामुन के माता-पिता भाई और बहन थे। इतिहास से ज्ञात होता है कि तूतनखामुन की पत्नी, एंकसेनमुन, अखेनाटेन और नेफ़रतिती की बेटी थी, और इस तरह उसके पति की सौतेली बहन होने की संभावना थी। 2014 में एक और शव परीक्षण और आनुवांशिक सबूत ने 2010 के निष्कर्षों की फिर से पुष्टि की कि तूतनखामुन भाई-बहन के रिश्ते का उत्पाद था। प्राचीन मिस्र के राजमहलों में इनब्रिडिंग व्याप्त थी, जो खुद को देवताओं के वंशज के रूप में देखते थे और बड़ी सुर्खियों को बनाए रखने की उम्मीद करते थे।
किंग टट के पास शायद बहुत शक्तिशाली सलाहकार थे। अपने तीसरे वर्ष में, अपने सलाहकारों के प्रभाव में, तुतनखामुन ने अपने पिता के शासनकाल में किए गए कई बदलावों को उलट दिया। उसने अपना नाम बदलकर तुतनखमुन रख लिया, “अमुन की जीवित छवि”। उन्होंने एटन देवता की पूजा को समाप्त कर दिया और देवता अमून को वर्चस्व के लिए बहाल कर दिया। राजधानी को वापस थिब्स में ले जाया गया और अक्खेतन शहर को छोड़ दिया गया।
अखेनाटेन के शासन के बाद देश आर्थिक रूप से कमजोर और अशांति में था। अन्य राज्यों के साथ राजनयिक संबंधों की उपेक्षा की गई थी, और तुतनखमुन ने उन्हें बहाल करने की मांग की।
तूतनखामुन लगभग 180 सेमी (5 फीट 11 इंच) लंबा था। अनुसंधान से पता चला कि तुतनखमुन में “थोड़ा फांक तालु” भी था और संभवतः स्कोलियोसिस का एक हल्का मामला, एक चिकित्सा स्थिति जिसमें रीढ़ सामान्य स्थिति से किनारे पर विचलित हो जाती है। तूतनखामुन के शरीर की जांच से उसके बाएं पैर में विकृति का पता चला है, जो हड्डी के ऊतकों के परिगलन के कारण होता है। इस झंझट ने तुतनखमुन को बेंत के इस्तेमाल से चलने के लिए मजबूर कर दिया था, जिनमें से कई उसकी कब्र में पाए गए थे।
तूतनखामन की ममी के डीएनए परीक्षणों में, वैज्ञानिकों ने मच्छर जनित परजीवियों से डीएनए पाया जो मलेरिया का कारण बनते हैं। यह वर्तमान में बीमारी का सबसे पुराना ज्ञात आनुवंशिक प्रमाण है। मलेरिया परजीवी का एक से अधिक तनाव पाया गया था, जो दर्शाता है कि तुतनखमुन ने कई मलेरिया संक्रमणों को अनुबंधित किया था। नेशनल ज्योग्राफिक के अनुसार, “मलेरिया ने तुतनखामुन की प्रतिरक्षा प्रणाली को कमजोर कर दिया और उसके पैर की चिकित्सा में हस्तक्षेप किया। इन कारकों ने, उसकी बाईं जांघ में फ्रैक्चर के साथ जोड़ा, जो कि वैज्ञानिकों ने 2005 में खोजा था, अंततः अंततः युवा राजा को मार सकता है। ”
Discovering Tut Research-based theories about his untimely Death
There are no surviving records of Tutankhamun’s final days. What caused Tutankhamun’s death has been the subject of considerable debate. Major studies have been conducted in an effort to establish the cause of death. There is some evidence, advanced by Harvard microbiologist Ralph Mitchell, that his burial may have been hurried. Mitchell reported that dark brown splotches on the decorated walls of Tutankhamun’s burial chamber suggested that he had been entombed even before the paint had a chance to dry.
Although there is some speculation that Tutankhamun was assassinated, the consensus is that his death was accidental. A CT scan taken in 2005 showed that he had suffered a compound left leg fracture shortly before his death and that the leg had become infected. The DNA analysis conducted in 2010 showed the presence of malaria in his system, leading to the belief that malaria and Köhler disease II combined led to his death. On 14 September 2012, ABC News presented a further theory about Tutankhamun’s death, developed by lecturer and surgeon Dr. Hutan Ashrafian, who believed that temporal lobe epilepsy caused a fatal fall which also broke Tutankhamun’s leg.
Various other diseases invoked as possible explanations to his early demise, included Marfan syndrome, Wilson-Turner X-linked mental retardation syndrome, Fröhlich syndrome (adiposogenital dystrophy), Klinefelter syndrome, androgen insensitivity syndrome, aromatase excess syndrome in conjunction with sagittal craniosynostosis syndrome, Antley–Bixler syndrome or one of its variants, and temporal lobe epilepsy.
A research team, consisting of Egyptian scientists Yehia Gad and Somaia Ismail from the National Research Centre in Cairo, conducted further CT scans under the direction of Ashraf Selim and Sahar Saleem of the Faculty of Medicine at Cairo University. Three international experts served as consultants: Carsten Pusch of the Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Germany; Albert Zink of the EURAC-Institute for Mummies and the Iceman in Bolzano, Italy;[39] and Paul Gostner of the Central Hospital Bolzano.[40] STR analysis based DNA fingerprinting analysis combined with the other techniques have rejected the hypothesis of gynecomastia and craniosynostoses (e.g., Antley-Bixler syndrome) or Marfan syndrome, but an accumulation of malformations in Tutankhamun’s family was evident. Several pathologies including Köhler disease II were diagnosed in Tutankhamun; none alone would have caused death. Genetic testing for STEVOR, AMA1, or MSP1 genes specific for Plasmodium falciparum revealed indications of malaria tropica in 4 mummies, including Tutankhamun’s.[9] However, their exact contribution to the causality of his death still is highly debated.
If Tutankhamun did suffer from a bone disease that was crippling, it may not have been fatal. “Perhaps he struggled against other [congenital flaws] until a severe bout of malaria or a leg broken in an accident added one strain too many to a body that could no longer carry the load”, wrote Zahi Hawass, archeologist and head of Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquity involved in the research.
A review of the medical findings to date found that he suffered from mild kyphoscoliosis, pes planus, hypophalangism of the right foot, bone necrosis of second and third metatarsal bones of the left foot, malaria, and a complex fracture of the right knee shortly before death.
In late 2013, Egyptologist Dr. Chris Naunton concluded that Tutankhamun was killed in a chariot crash: a chariot smashed into him while he was on his knees, shattering his ribs and pelvis.
A further investigation, in 2014, revealed that it was unlikely he had been killed in a chariot accident. Scans found that all but one of his bone fractures, including those to his skull, had been inflicted after his death. The scans also showed that he had a partially clubbed foot and would have been unable to stand unaided, thus making it unlikely he ever rode in a chariot; this was supported by the presence of many walking sticks among the contents of his tomb. Instead, it is believed that genetic defects arising from his parents being siblings, complications from a broken leg, and his suffering from malaria, together caused his death.
Discovering Tut Research-based theories about his untimely Death (in Hindi)
Translated by Google
तूतनखामुन के अंतिम दिनों के कोई भी जीवित रिकॉर्ड नहीं हैं। तूतनखामुन की मृत्यु किस कारण से काफी बहस का विषय रही। मृत्यु का कारण स्थापित करने के प्रयास में प्रमुख अध्ययन किए गए हैं। हार्वर्ड माइक्रोबायोलॉजिस्ट राल्फ मिचेल द्वारा उन्नत कुछ सबूत हैं, कि उनके दफन को जल्दबाजी हो सकती है। मिशेल ने बताया कि तूतनखामुन के दफन कक्ष की सजी हुई दीवारों पर गहरे भूरे रंग के छींटों ने सुझाव दिया कि पेंट सूखने का मौका आने से पहले ही उन्हें उलझा दिया गया था।
हालाँकि कुछ अटकलें हैं कि तुतनखमुन की हत्या की गई थी, लेकिन आम सहमति यह है कि उनकी मृत्यु आकस्मिक थी। 2005 में लिए गए एक सीटी स्कैन से पता चला कि उन्हें अपनी मृत्यु से कुछ समय पहले एक कंपाउंड लेफ्ट फ्रैक्चर हुआ था और पैर संक्रमित हो गया था। 2010 में किए गए डीएनए विश्लेषण ने उनके सिस्टम में मलेरिया की उपस्थिति को दिखाया, जिससे यह विश्वास हो गया कि मलेरिया और कोल्लर रोग II संयुक्त रूप से उनकी मृत्यु का कारण बने। 14 सितंबर 2012 को, एबीसी न्यूज ने तुतनखामुन की मौत के बारे में एक और सिद्धांत प्रस्तुत किया, जिसे व्याख्याता और सर्जन डॉ। हटन अशरफ़ियन, जो मानते थे कि लौकिक लोब मिर्गी के कारण एक घातक गिरावट आई, जिसने तुतनखामुन का पैर भी तोड़ दिया।
उनके प्रारंभिक निधन के संभावित स्पष्टीकरण के रूप में आमंत्रित किए गए कई अन्य रोगों में मार्फान सिंड्रोम, विल्सन-टर्नर एक्स-लिंक्ड मानसिक मंदता सिंड्रोम, फ्रोइलिच सिंड्रोम (एडिपोसोजेनिटल डिस्ट्रोफी), क्लाइनफेल्टर सिंड्रोम और एंड्रोजन असंवेदनशीलता सिंड्रोम शामिल हैं, जो सैगिटाल क्रानियोस्टिनोस्टोन के साथ संयोजन में एरोमाटेस अतिरिक्त सिंड्रोम शामिल हैं। एंटली – बिक्सलर सिंड्रोम या इसके एक संस्करण, और टेम्पोरल लोब मिर्गी।
काहिरा में नेशनल रिसर्च सेंटर के मिस्र के वैज्ञानिक येहिया गाद और सोमाया इस्माइल से मिलकर एक शोध दल ने काहिरा विश्वविद्यालय में चिकित्सा संकाय के अशरफ सेलिम और सहार सलीम के निर्देशन में सीटी स्कैन का आयोजन किया। तीन अंतर्राष्ट्रीय विशेषज्ञों ने सलाहकार के रूप में कार्य किया: जर्मनी के टुबर्डन के एबरहार्ड कार्ल्स विश्वविद्यालय के कार्स्टन पुश; EURAC- इंस्टीट्यूट फॉर ममियों के अल्बर्ट जिंक और इटली के बोलजानो में आइसमैन, [39] और सेंट्रल हॉस्पिटल बोलजानो के पॉल गोस्टनर। [40] एसटीआर विश्लेषण आधारित डीएनए फिंगरप्रिंटिंग विश्लेषण ने अन्य तकनीकों के साथ मिलकर गाइनेकोमास्टिया और क्रानियोसिनोस्टोस (जैसे, एंटली-बिक्सलर सिंड्रोम) या मारफान सिंड्रोम की परिकल्पना को खारिज कर दिया है, लेकिन तूतनखामुन के परिवार में विकृतियों का एक संचय स्पष्ट था। कॉटन रोग II सहित कई विकृति का निदान तूतनखमुन में किया गया; कोई भी अकेले मृत्यु का कारण नहीं होता। प्लावमोडियम फाल्सीपेरम के लिए STEVOR, AMA1, या MSP1 जीन के लिए जेनेटिक परीक्षण में 4 ममियों में मलेरिया ट्रोपिका के संकेत मिले, जिनमें तूतनखामन भी शामिल है। [९] हालाँकि, उनकी मृत्यु के कारण में उनके सटीक योगदान पर अभी भी अत्यधिक बहस हो रही है।
अगर तूतनखामुन एक हड्डी की बीमारी से पीड़ित था जो अपंग था, तो यह घातक नहीं हो सकता था। “शायद उसने अन्य [जन्मजात दोषों] के खिलाफ संघर्ष किया जब तक कि एक दुर्घटना में मलेरिया या एक टूटे हुए पैर की गंभीर लड़ाई ने एक शरीर में बहुत अधिक तनाव पैदा कर दिया, जो अब भार नहीं उठा सकता था”, लिखी है हावास, पुरातत्वविद् और मिस्र के प्रमुख अनुसंधान में शामिल पुरातन परिषद।
तिथि करने के लिए चिकित्सा निष्कर्षों की समीक्षा में पाया गया कि वह हल्के केफोसोलेओसिस, पेस प्लेनस, दाहिने पैर के हाइपोफैलैजिज्म, बाएं पैर की दूसरी और तीसरी मेटाटार्सल हड्डियों, मलेरिया और दाहिने घुटने के एक जटिल फ्रैक्चर के कुछ ही समय पहले हुआ था। मौत।
2013 के अंत में, मिस्र के चिकित्सक डॉ। क्रिस नौटन ने निष्कर्ष निकाला कि रथ दुर्घटना में तूतनखामुन को मार दिया गया था: जब वह अपने घुटनों पर था, तो उसकी रस्सियों और श्रोणि को चीरते हुए एक रथ उसके पास आ गिरा।
2014 में एक और जांच में पता चला कि रथ दुर्घटना में मारे जाने की संभावना नहीं थी। स्कैन्स ने पाया कि उनकी खोपड़ी के लिए उनकी हड्डी फ्रैक्चर सहित सभी लेकिन उनकी मृत्यु के बाद उन्हें निकाल दिया गया था। स्कैन से यह भी पता चला कि उसके पास आंशिक रूप से क्लब किया हुआ पैर था और वह बिना खड़े होने में असमर्थ था, इस प्रकार यह संभव नहीं था कि वह कभी रथ में सवार होता; यह उनकी समाधि की सामग्री के बीच कई चलने वाली छड़ियों की उपस्थिति द्वारा समर्थित था। इसके बजाय, यह माना जाता है कि माता-पिता से होने वाले आनुवांशिक दोष, भाई-बहन होने के कारण, एक टूटे हुए पैर से जटिलताएं और मलेरिया से पीड़ित होने के कारण, उनकी मृत्यु का कारण बना।
Discovering Tut Tutankhamun and his family
Birth: 1341 BC
Father: Akhenaten
Wife: His wife was his half-sister.
Children: Two stillborn girls.
Death: 1321 BC
Discovering Tut Meanings of difficult words and phrases
Heir = a person legally entitled to the property or rank of another on that person’s death.
Tomb = a large grave built of stone above or below the ground.
CT scan = A computerized tomography combines a series of X-ray images taken from different angles and uses computer processing to create cross-sectional images, or slices, of the bones, blood vessels, and soft tissues inside your body.
Forensic =(here) examining dead bodies to find out the cause of death
Reconstruction = constructing the same thing again.
Pharaoh = an Egyptian king
Forensic reconstruction= is the process of recreating an individual from their skeletal remains through an amalgamation of artistry, forensic science, anthropology, osteology, and anatomy.
Cemetery = the place where dead bodies are buried.
Mummy = a preserved dead body.
Murals = paintings on the wall.
Coffin = box in which the dead body is kept.
Antiquities = very old things.
Archaeologist = a scientist who studies ancient remains.
Legend = an old story handed from generations.
Artefacts =things of art made by hands.
Resurrection =rebirth
Board games =games like chess
Linen = a fabric cloth made from flax used to make high-quality clothes.
Cases = boxes
Treasures = a collection of valuable things
Nested = fitted inside each other.
Shroud = cover of the dead body.
Willow = a tree that has softwood.
Celery = a wild plant
Cornflowers =bluish-purple flowers of a wild plant.
Resins = a sticky flammable organic substance, insoluble i
n water, exuded by some trees and other plants.
Chiselled away = separated with a chisel
Collars = necklaces
Bracelets =ornaments of the wrist
Amulets = something worn around the neck or arm or waist (Taaveez) to keep away the evil.
Sheaths = coverings to keep the sword in.
Adornments =things for decoration and make-up.
Archaeology =science of studying ancient sites/buildings.
Tomography = a technique for displaying a representation of a cross-section through a human body or other solid object using X-rays or ultrasound.
Dynasty = family-line
Cross-section = parts seen when a thing is cut in the middle.
Pallbearers = those who carry coffins.
Orion = a constellation
Constellation = group of stars
Osiris = the god of the afterlife
Discovering Tut Short Answer Type Questions
Q1. Who was Howard Carter? What was his discovery?
Ans. Howard Carter was a British archaeologist. After years of searching, he discovered King Tut’s tomb in 1922 over 3300 years after his death. Tut died at the age of 19 but his death was a mystery for all. He was the last ruler of his powerful family that ruled Egypt for centuries. People believed that the king died in mysterious circumstances and his death may involve every possibility of murder.
Q2. Why did King Tut’s mummy have to undergo a CT scan?
Ans. The mummy of King Tut has earned worldwide fame for the riches it was buried with. Further, there arose a great controversy about the manner of his death and his age at the time of death. Keeping in the view of this controversy, King Tut’s body was ordered to be scanned to examine the delayed medical mysteries about his life and death.
Q3. Which questions still linger about Tut?
Ans. The two biggest questions that still linger about Tut are how did he die and how old was he at the time of his death? He was the last of his family’s line, and his funeral was the death rattle of a dynasty but the particulars of his passing away and its aftermath were unclear.
Q4. Why was Tut’s dead body subjected to CT scrutiny?
Ans. Tut’s dead body was subjected to X-rays in 1968 and CT scan in 2005 to ascertain the cause of his death.
Q5. In 1968 what was the startling fact revealed by a professor of anatomy about King Tut?
Ans. In 1968, more than 40 years after Carter’s discovery of King Tut’s tomb, a professor of anatomy X-rayed Tut’s mummy. He revealed an astonishing fact that beneath the resin that layers his chest, his breast-bone and front ribs are missing. It startled everyone.
Q6. What did the tourists do at that time?
Ans. The tourists from around the world queued up, as usual, all afternoon into the narrowed rock-cut tomb. They lined up to pay their homage to King Tut. They watched the murals on the walls of the burial chamber. Some visitors read from the guidebook. Others stood silently peering at Tut’s gilded face.
Q7. Who did point out that the mummy was in a bad condition? Who was held responsible for it?
Ans. Zahi Hawass, Secretary-General of Egypt’s Supreme Council of Antiquities, bent over the mummy and watched it very carefully. Then he said the mummy is in a very bad condition because of what Carter did in the 1920s. It was in 1922, Carter discovered King Tut’s tomb.
Q8. What was the fate of the contents of Tut’s mummy?
Ans. For over 80 years after the discovery of Tut’s tomb in 1922, surprisingly all its contents were complete. They remain the richest royal collection ever found until 2005. They have now become part of the pharaoh’s legend.
Q9. Why did the artifacts cause a sensation at the time of discovery?
Ans. The artifacts discovered surprised all present there. They were all made of pure gold. Their shine was enteral and never fading. This eternal brilliance of the artifacts meant to guarantee revival from the grave.
Q10. What was King Tut’s demise a big event, even by royal standards?
Ans. King Tut’s death was of course a big event. Even by royal standards, he was the last ruler in his family line. His funeral was the death bell of a dynasty that ruled in Egypt for centuries. The big event is because of the fact that he died unexpectedly at a young age. The particulars of his passing and its aftermath are not clear.
Q11. Why did some people think King Tut’s untimely death as the Pharaoh’s curse?
Ans. After king Akhenaten’s death, a mysterious ruler became the king for a short while and died. Then a very young Tutankhaten took the throne. He changed his name to Tutankhamun, “Living image of Amun.” He restored the worship of Amun whose images were broken and temples closed by the Pharaoh. Thus king Tut disturbed the Pharaoh. Akhenaten and his curse – death Akhenaten had befallen on Tut causing his untimely death in his late teens.
Q12. What problem did Carter face when he reached the mummy of King Tut? How did he find a way out?
Ans: When Carter along with his men were working at the tomb of King Tut, they found that the ritual resins had hardened. They had cemented and the mummy of King Tut could not be taken out. The solidified material could be removed through chisels. The mummy was cut free. His men removed Tut’s head and severed every major joint. Then they were kept in a box on a layer of sand. He defended his act lest the mummy should not fall into the hands of thieves for getting gold.
Q13. List some adornments on Tut’s body. Why had the adornments been buried along with the body?
Ans. The mummy of Tut was decorated with precious collars, inlaid necklaces, rings, bracelets, amulets, and a ceremonial apron. There were sandals, sheaths for fingers and toes, and the inner golden coffin and mask. All of them were made of pure gold. According to the beliefs, it was thought that they could take their riches with them to the great beyond.
Q14. How did Carter defend his action of cutting the mummy free?
Ans. Carter in his defense wrote later that if he hadn’t cut the mummy free, thieves would have avoided the guards and ripped it apart to remove all the gold. The mummy had been kept with a lot of wealth, in the form of gold ornaments, etc.
Q15. How can C.T scan prove more effective than X-Rays?
Ans. C.T scan can prove more effective than X-Rays because it produces hundreds of X-Rays in cross-section which are put together like slices of bread to create a three-dimensional virtual body.
Q16. How was Tut’s body carried to the C.T scanner?
Ans. On the night of the scan, workmen carried Tut from the tomb in his box. Like pallbearers, they climbed the ramp and a flight of stairs into the swirling sand outside. Then they rose on a hydraulic lift into the trailer that held the scanner.
Q17. How was King Tut’s mummy scanned by the CT scanner?
Ans. In order to remove the mystery over the death of King Tut, a portable CT scanner was taken in a trailer to the sandy area near Tut’s tomb. His body was carried there from his tomb in a box. The CT machine scanned the mummy from head to toe, creating 1700 digital X-ray images in cross-section. His entire body was scanned in 0.62 millimeter slices.
Q18. What snag did the million-dollar scanner develop? How was it set right?
Ans. The million-dollar scanner had developed a snag because of sand in a cooling fan. Eventually, substitute fans worked well enough to finish the procedure.
Q19. Explain the statement, “King Tut is one of the first mummies to be scanned – in death, as in life…”
Ans. It means that the mummy of King tut was the first one ever to be scanned. The purpose was to reveal the mysteries relating to the period when he was alive. Secondly, it also helped find out the cause of his death in mysterious circumstances. The death occurred only nine years after his taking the throne.
Q20. List the deeds that led Ray Johnson to describe Akhenaten as Wacky.
Ans. Akhenaten was a crazy and rash ruler. He attacked Amun – a major God broke his statues, and closed his temples. He even shifted the religious capital from the oddity of Thebes to the new city of Akhetaten.
Q21. What did the CT scan of Tut’s mummy reveal?
Ans. CT scanning gave surprising as well as fascinating images of Tut’s body. The image of a gray head appeared on the computer screen. Neck bones appeared quite clearly. Other images of Tut’s body appeared on the screen. They included a hand and several views of the rib-cage and the skull.
Q22. “Curse of the Pharaoh”, joked a guard nervously. What is the curse and why did the guard say so?
Ans. The curse of the Pharaoh – death or misfortune falling upon those who disturbed him, is considered to be true. The fans of the CT scan machine got stuck with the sand dust and stopped working during the scanning of the mummy. Then the guard jokingly said that it was the curse of the Pharaoh. Later another pair of white plastic fans were arranged which worked well enough.
Discovering Tut Long Answer Type Questions
Q1. Who was King Tut? Why was his mummy taken out for a C.T. Scan?
Ans. King Tut was the last Pharaoh of his family line which ruled Egypt for centuries. He was a very young boy when he took the throne of Egypt in 1332 B.C. The boy-king soon changed his name to Tutankhamun, “living image of Amun,” and restored the old ways of religious belief. He ruled for about nine years and then died unexpectedly in 1322 B.C. King Tut’s death was a big event. He was the last Pharaoh of his family line. His funeral was the death bell of his dynasty. But the particulars of his death and the after happenings are not clear.
King Tut was buried in the ancient Egyptian cemetery known as the Valley of the Kings. Tut was loaded with glittering goods: precious neckbands, engraved necklaces and bracelets, rings, amulets, apron, sandals, sheaths, for fingers and toes, and iconic inner coffin and mask all of the pure gold.
Carter discovered Tut’s tomb for more than 3300 years after his death in 1922 and in 2005 his mummy was taken out of the tomb for the first time for his C.T. scan. The probe by the C.T, the scanner was to look into the delayed medical mysteries of this little-understood young ruler about his life and death.
Q2. What problems did Howard Carter face with regard to Tut’s mummy? How did he solve them?
Ans. Howard Carter, a British archaeologist, discovered King Tut’s tomb after years of searching in 1922. He found a fabulous treasure in the tomb, even though it had been ransacked earlier. The treasure consisted of a golden coffin, gold ornaments, and even petty things of everyday need.
Carter found three nested coffins. In the first, he found the garlands of leaves and flowers. But when he reached the mummy, he ran into trouble. The resins spread below Tut’s body had hardened. The coffin was of solid gold. Neither human force nor the scorching sun could loosen the body. So Carter used chisel and hammer to remove the resins. He had little choice. Tut’s mummy also had to be removed part by part. Having taken .out the gold coffin, the body parts were reassembled, put in a wooden box, and placed in the tomb again.
Q3. Sum up the main events of the lesson ‘Discovering Tut …’
Ans. King Tut was just a teenager when he died. He was the last heir of a powerful dynasty. His rule lasted for just nine years. The mystery of his early and unexpected death is still unresolved. His tomb was discovered in 1922 by a British archaeologist, Howard Carter. He found a big treasure in the form of ornaments, gold coffin, and other everyday things—all of the pure gold. The pharaohs or the Egyptian Kings believed that they would need gold as well as things of daily need, food, and wine in the afterlife. So they got them buried along with their mummies or dead bodies preserved with chemical pastes.
Tut’s untimely death in his late teens raised curiosity to know the cause. So 60 years later, his mummy was X-rayed. In 2005, this body was put to CT scanning. But to this day the details of his death and aftermath are unclear.
Q4. In 1922 Tut’s tomb was discovered. Much of the treasure buried in the tomb had already been plundered. The materialistic attitude of man does not allow even the dead to sleep in peace. Will there be any end to this attitude?
Ans. For a handful of gold, man can go to any extent. Tut’s mummy was buried deep with a lot of gold and other things believing that the dead pharaoh would need those things in the afterlife. It was a matter of faith. When Tut’s tomb was discovered, much of the treasure had already been looted. The thieves did it being driven by the mad force of materialism. Materialistic attitude attaches no importance to beliefs, religious sentiments, and social rites, and rituals. Ethics and morals have no sanctity for them. Their aim is to get wealth by any means. This materialistic attitude will never see its dawn. God Himself may advise man to reject materialism and tell him that all paths lead to death and there is no use to perpetuate ill deeds. This sermon will have no effect and materialistic attitude will get sharpened day by day.
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thanks a lot guys. I now know what the story was all about just because of you. 🙂
This chapter is so interesting i like this chapter very much 🙂 😉
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Yes,thank u very much,plz try to make and explain another books
my question is how far do you think ,is the allegation of modern day historians ,against carter justified ? what evidence has been extended to convince thr argument?
Thank you guys so much ! this was enlightening.
How can Tut’s birth be on 1341 and death on 1321?
its BC
this site has the best explanation of this chapter seriously it made the chapter too easy and interesting
thank you ACADEMICSEASY
This is really enough to top in exam
Thank for this information
I guess….Ans no. 19 could have been more accurate by describing the way Tut was regally ahead of his countrymen when he lived as an emperor and after death also he remains the first….. Instead of elaborating the purpose of CT scan
Thanks you
Thank you so much …..
Provided a lot of information abt mummy…pretty interesting
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It helped me a lot.
A very good description which was very helpful for clear concepts. Thanks a lot of yours.
Amazing effort !!! Thank u so much , helped me a lot with this unit
Simply amazing summary ✌
11th long answer question is wrong… there was nothing mention like tut’s father’s curse
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